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Mahatma Gandhi had a complex perspective on the varna system, which is the traditional caste system in Hindu society. While Gandhi was deeply rooted in his understanding of Hindu philosophy and scriptures, he was critical of the social inequalities and discrimination perpetuated by the caste system.

Gandhi envisioned the varna system as originally intended in Hindu scriptures, where varnas were seen as occupational categories based on one’s skills and aptitudes rather than birth. He argued for the idea of “Varna Vyavastha,” emphasizing that everyone should be free to choose their occupation based on their inherent abilities, irrespective of their birth or caste. Moreover, Gandhiji’s perspective on the varna system was multifaceted. Let’s delve into his views:

1. Functional Classification:
   • Gandhi believed that the Varna system was a functional classification rather than a rigid hierarchy.
   • According to him, it represented the best possible arrangement for social stability and progress.
   • He viewed Varna as the pre-determination of a person’s profession based on their inherent abilities and family tradition.
   • In his scheme, a Shudra should perform their hereditary duty, but if capable, they could also take on priestly duties without abandoning their ancestral responsibilities.
   • Similarly, a Brahmin could engage in other tasks, but not without fulfilling their priestly duties.
   • Gandhi emphasized mutual respect and understanding between different castes.
2. Horizontal Equality:
   • Contrary to the prevailing hierarchical view, Gandhi saw all four Varnas (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) as equal in status and functional to society.
   • He envisioned them as horizontally placed and mutually replaceable.
   • However, in reality, the system was hierarchical, with religious and social disabilities imposed on all Varnas.
3. Manusmriti and Social Justice:
   • Gandhi rejected the rigid aspects of the Varna system, especially those imposed by the ancient text Manusmriti.
   • He advocated for an open Varnashrama system accessible to all.
   • His vision aligned with the original form of the system, which allowed both vertical and horizontal mobility based on duties.
   • Gandhi’s commitment to social justice drove his critique of unreasonable practices.
4. Caste System and Untouchability:
   • While Gandhi worked for the upliftment of lower castes and denounced untouchability, he initially supported the caste system.
   • He deemed it necessary until the 1940s, even as he commanded dignity for untouchables.
   • However, his evolving views eventually led him to challenge the very foundations of the caste system.

In summary, Gandhi’s nuanced stance on the Varna system aimed at promoting harmony, flexibility, and justice, while acknowledging the system’s flaws and advocating for reform.